Saturday, July 27, 2013

Christian corner: Korkiya, Kibirov, Kekova, Sedakova

Technically, we transcend our "short twentieth century" convention because the most active period of these poets fell on the first post-Soviet decade. Korkiya's epic "Hosts (forty by forty)" is the poem, which concluded the Soviet period in Russian literature both due to its content and circumstances of its emergence on the literary scene. Korkiya's "The Hosts", Kibirov, Kekova and Sedakova were the brightest poetic constellation of post-Revolutionary Russia.

In contrast to the West, the extreme social conservatism was always since Archpriest Avvakum (Habbakuk), a fellow traveler of literary modernism in Russia. Even for T. S. Eliot, his turn to ultra-conservative political stance coincided with the evolution of his literary taste to a more traditionalist viewpoint (hence, "The Criterion"). In Russia, literary innovation and traditionalist, sometimes even obscurantist social views (Dostoevsky, Gumilev, G. Ivanov, I. Brodsky) frequently went hand-in-hand. Because of that, American campus-based literary culture was frequently overlooking the Christian wing of the Russian poetry, especially when it did not express social protest, which is still the hallmark of "Russian-ness" among the Western Slavists.


Т. Кибиров. 2011

Currently, Timur Kibirov (pseudonym of Zapoev, i.e. Mr. Hangover), an Ossetian, i.e. nominally Moslem named after Timur the Lame, undeniably the greatest poet of the late Soviet, early post-Soviet literature almost ceased secular poetry writing. Korkiya mostly moved to (sometimes poetic) drama. Yet, some of Kibirov's literary output, e.g. his short poem "Travel from A? to Z?" burst into being as something as monumental as the Divine Comedy, or Beowulf, something I cannot and do not yet dare to translate. In that short epic poem, Kibirov runs the course of Russian history through the mythological combat to the death between two unrecognized brothers or father/son. Each contest is staged in the language and imagery of the historic epoch starting with traditional saga-ballad ("былина") and ending with tape-recorded drivel of Russian declasse yokels in the late Soviet Union.

Svetlana Kekova's poetic work had the same watershed quality as characterized Khlebnikov and Mayakovsky according to Anna Akhmatova. She suggested that all that Khlebnikov was writing before the Revolution was hackwork and genial thereafter, while for Mayakovsky it was just the opposite. Her pre-revolutionary, pre-Christian conversion poetry was a talented imitation of Brodsky (myriad of contemporary Russian poets imitated Brodsky with different degree of proficiency). Only when she turned to unrestrained Christian declamation, her poetic talents had fully developed. Unlike the majority of Russian poets (with notable exceptions of Vyacheslav Ivanov and I. Annensky), who were indifferently educated, Kekova has a PhD in Russian literature and an author of literary studies in her own right.

Korkia, from "The Hosts" (excerpts)

To the thousandth anniversary of Russia’s Conversion to Orthodoxy
  





            We are naïve, we are sublime,
            We fly through currents of the Ethers,
            In our weightlessness, extreme,
            And frolicsome, as band of cripples.
            We’re passing by an old Third Rome,
And all the downtown Crosses,
            There are no pastures o’er us,
            Which would not turn in our pastiche.

            The ashes of ten centuries
            Fall, fall on poor of the soul  
            And secretly, the forty hosts
            Are wailing, as the Earthen Mothers.
            The fact that they do not exist,
            As does the Nature, our Mother,
            Sheds glimpses of some Secret Light
            On perestroika’s gho/astly years. 
  
            Fly high, the crutch, Ostankino,
            For Ethers is a plainly vacuum,
            Where only cosmic dust is not
            Entangled in “War and Peace” discussions.
            Our times rewind as VHS 
            And the idea pops straight out
            And crawls-- from primordial marsh;
            Amphibian—to solid ground.  

            Life winds throughout back and forth
            as rivers turned by Soviet bosses.
            While our way of sorrows,  
           Sails to Byzantium from Normans.
            We are amazed by silence, which
            conjures us by the people’s voices.
            Some have as mother Motherland,
            But I keep Freedom as my mistress...

....................................................................................


             I love the sum of total good,
            And to the manly strength that roams,
            I love vaginas of subway
            Which till 1 AM remain wide open.

            This love False Dmitri barely knew,
            He marched to field of Kulikovo,
            To get renamed Donskoi anew,
            But fell on ice of the Sadovoy.
            His handsome corpse would pay last dues,
            Of his grim fate took no nonsense.
            St. Jury’s Day proscribed the Jews, 
            Which was for Ivan’s heart bit warming.
            He murdered son and heir, the B.,
            Appointed Cossacks to the “service”,
            By founding the KGB
And took greenbacks in lieu of corvée.
But Habakkuk, the Archpriest,
Confused the folk, and Razin, Sten’ka,
Ignited fire from his dark thoughts
And threatened Tsar with this Inferno.
Then Peter suddenly decides
To hand Alaska to his neighbors.
He killed his son, and being hideous, 
He hurried to Afghanistan
To scare his enemies, the Swedes.

....................................................................................

Khan Karl-Adolf-Napoleon
Surprised the Kalmyck and the Cossack
But the wild bunch of Amazons
Defeated the barbarian rank.
Tsaritsa Katya raged, forlorn,
But forced her march to Angles Terra,
She killed her “rebel on the throne”
            And got remarried, to Voltaire.
            Their first offspring was kind of wit,
            The second—kept in Maltas forum,
            And third—he died before his sleep
            But keeping in with all decorum.
            He sent Pouchkíne, the Fatalist,
            To Holy Hills, for absolution,
            Where he, already in his grave,
            Described Sodom of Revolution.
            
...............................................

                         And in the streets is Spring, you hood,
                        and warmth, Blue Sky, Red Flying Banners.
                        Rage, rage, you, the Star Wormwood
                        In the concrete slabs of Chernobyl.
                        “Salute, the Third Rome, I salute,
                        Continue chat a little bit later,
                        Minherz, remember Germantown,
                                   
                        Did you forget your cuckoo’s crown?”
                        Why do these voices always come?
                        Who comes inviting them by dawn?
.................................................................

                        But there is no Savior Christ,
                        And truths became at once uncertain
                        When Holy Star of Bethlehem
                        Illuminated Iron Curtain. 






Olga Sedakova, like Svetlana Kekova, has a PhD in philology. She works not only as a poet but as a practicing theologian, Dr. Theol. Honoris Causa. Given a practical retirement of Kibirov from secular poetry altogether, she remains one and only great Russian poet.

Her theology despite her insistence on strict Orthodoxy has a definite Renaissance quality to it. She, for instance, glorifies Elena Schwartz, deceased St. Petersburg sapphic poetess and the reference to her memory on Sedakova's web site contains a statue of Sappho below bas-relief of a Love Genie with phallic ornaments. 

Saturday, April 27, 2013

Second Conceptualist Wave (Parschikov, Iskrenko, Arabov, Irten'ev, Bunimovich, Druk, Rubinstein)


          If by XX century, we truly mean a “short century” (1914-1989) beginning from a shot in Saraevo and ending with the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the second conceptualist wave concludes this chapter of the Russian poetry.
          Most of these poets were already in their thirties and forties when they first appeared in public during the Perestroika years (1985-1989), and, some continue their poetic oeuvre in the new Russia (or America). The brightest stars of this generation, Parschikov and Iskrenko, are deceased, the “last decadent” Yuri Arabov (whom author remembers as looking like a very large insect) became accomplished screenwriter and Evgenii Bunimovich launched a successful career in Moscow City politics.
        Another umbrella term used to describe them is “Moscow mytho-poets”, which accurately characterizes their main unifying feature as the troubadours of the collective (sub) consciousness of the Soviet era quickly descending into a popular myth.  

Saturday, April 6, 2013

First Conceptualist Wave: Genrikh Sapgir, Igor Kholin, Sosnora, etc.


O. Rabin, Money, 2001.

The poets of the first conceptualist wave approached a union as much as it could be done in the police state of the USSR. Its best-known poets: Genrikh Sapgir and Igor Kholin belonged to semi-formal "Lianozovo" group together with the painter Oskar Rabin (b. 1928) and, at least for some time, novelist, playwright and essayist Benedict Yerofeev who penned the greatest Russian novel of the second half of the XX century, "Moscow to Petushki." Sosnora (b. 1936) was personally and socially close to the St. Petersburg neo-classicist circle (Brodsky, A. Kushner, the Lifshitses, father and son, E. Rein) but, artistically, very different from them.  The FCW poets provided an important link between the pre-war Russian avant-guard and the Second Conceptualist Wave concluding the Soviet period in Russian poetry. (Rubinstein, Parschikov, Kibirov, etc.) One of the distinguishing characteristics of the FCW poets, which joined them with pre-War Oberiuyts, was their co-mingling with contemporary (underground and semi-underground) painters, sculptors, performance organizers, etc.

G. Sapgir has been translated by already mentioned A. Kudryavitsky, who prohibits reproduction of his verse.




Г. Сапгир (1928-1999)













                                                                                                         И. Холин (1920-1999)

Saturday, March 9, 2013

Gennady Aigi (Lisin; 1934-2007)





Gennady Aigi occupied an ambivalent position in Soviet Russia. For one, his poetry was demonstrably against Socialist Realism canon and for that he was expelled from the creative writing program.  His poetry was very much like Celan's: condensed, aphoristic and opaque. However, there could not be more difference between the two men: Celan was a paramount urbanite, while Aigi was most at home in the  village (see the photo), or so he loved to pretend. For two, the most sublime of the post-War Russian poets was a Chuvash, a member of ethnic minority and as such a target of promotion in accordance to the Soviet “nationality” policies. Similarly ambivalent was his position with respect to the Nobel Prize Committee, which preferred outspoken dissident Brodsky to the quiet and withdrawn Aigi who ostensibly was nominated several times. But there was also an intrinsic shortcoming: similarly to Velimir Khlebnikov, almost every single mature poem, which Aigi wrote was perfect. But perfection (as someone French, probably Debussy or A. France said) is only a first step to viability.

Gennady Aigi is adequately translated into English, in particular, by the Russian-Polish-Irish translator Kudryavitsky who, regrettably, prohibits any reproduction of his work. 

Saturday, March 2, 2013

Iosif (Joseph) Brodsky (1940-1996)


Iosif (Joseph) Brodsky (1940-1996)


       Joseph Brodsky was larger-than-life illustration to the saying of Russian comedienne Ranevskaya, the friend of his literary mentor Anna Akhmatova that “the talent is like a boil that can spring on any ass.” The ultimate subject of his thoughts was always Joseph Brodsky. Equally narcissistic doyen of the émigré Russian letters Vladimir Nabokov was at least daily reminded that he may be a Pope of the Russian literature but that it has a goddess and her name is Vera.
          By the end of his life, his pretense of morphing into a Gilded Age old money type: buying a New England estate, marrying eurotrash Russian-Italian Princess, negotiating a purchase of Venetian Palazzo and acquiring a set of political views matching this persona, started to be bordering on comic. His steady diet of stogies, cognac and pitch-black coffee finally worn his health down and this scion of Jewish tailors found his rest on the Venetian cemetery, in its Protestant section.
        Yet, his poetic genius is undeniable and in a particular genre of an elegy, Brodsky could not find his rival elsewhere but in his adored Romans, Virgil in particular. It is even hard to say whether his (bi-) sexual and gastronomic preferences were the conscious imitation of a life of the Roman patrician or natural habits. Awkwardly for Brodsky who detested any thing Russian, he wrote the best in the language of barbarians. 
       This awkwardness connected him to Paul Celan, who had to write in the language of the butchers of his family, though I doubt Brodsky ever gave his affinity with such “lo-oser” as Celan much of a thought. Because as Nabokov, he was bilingual and wrote in English in his later life, Brodsky is quite adequately translated, sometimes with the help of excellent poets in their own right.

Thursday, January 24, 2013

Daniil Kharms (Yuvachev, 1905-1942), OBERIY, Chinari




Poets of OBERIY [1] group were considered curiosities at their time, as well as long thereafter. Only recently the true significance of this group as one of the brightest poetic constellations of the first post-Revolutionary years was recognized.  An analogy with the visual arts seems appropriate. Picasso, Matisse and Dali towered in their lifetimes over XXth century painting, yet Duchamp, Malevich and Warhol are now widely considered to be more influential. Similarly, the Russian literary criticism slowly but inevitably recognizes Platonov’s prose and poetry of Akme (Mandelstam, Akhmatova) and Oberiy poems and short stories as the pinnacles of achievement in XXth century Russian-language literature. 
Oberiyts were truly remote from the social agenda of Soviet State, neither opposing it directly, nor supporting it in any meaningful way. Their desire to continue literary life as if the situation in the country was normal in part explains the group’s tragic fate, unusually harsh even by the standards of Stalinist terror. All the  members of the group, except Vaginov who died from TB on the eve of Stalin’s purges and Igor Bakhterev, were either executed, or imprisoned. Of these, only Zabolotsky survived the camps to live for four more years. 
The “Old Woman” written by Kharms in 1939 predated existentialist prose of Sartre and Camus, being every bit as masterful and provocative as “Le Chute”. All in all, Kharms and his influence on the Russian literature can be compared to Beckett's influence on Anglo-American-French literature. His later poems and short stories became much more worked upon and polished (young Oberiyts preferred instantaneous expression), and one may only guess, in what direction his literary genius would have taken him were he to survive Stalin’s executioners and the siege of Leningrad.
Later in his life, Kharms assembled a narrow circle (Kharms, Lipavsky, Druskin and a few others) who, according to Russian historian of literature L. F. Katsis, considered themselves kind of apostles with the mission of ushering the New Age into the world. This agenda and attitude, odd even for the post-Revolutionary Russia, and fit only for 1960s San Francisco, was completely out of sync with late 1930s Stalin's tyranny. Kharms died in NKVD prison, probably simply starved to death, Lipavsky disappeared in the chaotic first days of war. Only Druskin, a standard-bearer and keeper of Kharms' papers survived to preserve Kharms' genius for posterity. A special role in preservation of Kharms' heritage was played by his wives (he had three; all beauties and cheated on them all). The first one perished in 1935 when the Great Purges only gained momentum, but the two remaining collated his writings, hid them from the Stalin's secret police at a grave danger to themselves and transmitted them, when it was relatively safe, to Druskin, Bakhterev and Western Slavists to preserve his writings for the future generations. 


[1] Oberiyts for the members of the group. 


Смерть дикого воина

Часы стучат 
Часы стучат
Летит над миром пыль

В городах поют
В городах поют
В пустынях звенит песок

Поперёк реки
Поперёк реки
Летит копьё свистя

Как легкий пар
Как легкий пар
Летит его душа

И в солнца шар
И в солнца шар
Вонзается кóсами шурша

Четыреста воинов
Четыреста воинов
Мечами небу грозят

Супруга убитого
Супруга убитого
Отламывает камня кусок

И прячет убитого
И прячет убитого
Под ломанный камень, в песок

Четыреста воинов
Четыреста воинов
Четыреста суток молчат.

Четыреста суток
Четыреста суток
Над миром часы не стучат.

27 июня 1938 года.



The Death of a Savage Warrior

The clocks tic-toc
The clocks tic-tac
Dust flies all over the world

In the cities they sing
In the cities they sing
In the desert—the sand that rings

Across the river
Across the river
A whistling javelin flies

A savage had fallen
A savage had fallen
And he sleeps while his amulet shines

As a subtle vapor
As a subtle vapor
His soul flies to the skies

And the round sun
And the round sun
It pierces by his screeching braids

Four hundred warriors
Four hundred warriors
Threaten the sky by their swords

The wife of the fallen
The wife of the fallen
Crawls to the river on her knees

The wife of the fallen
The wife of the fallen
Breaks a piece off the stone

And hides the fallen
And hides the fallen
Under a broken stone, in the sand.

Four hundred warriors
Four hundred warriors
Four hundred days keep silence.

Four hundred days
Four hundred days
The clocks stopped all over the world. 

Russian original is cited according to Daniil Kharms, Circus Shardam, St. Petersburg, Crystal, 1999. Grammar and punctuation of the Russian text follows this edition. 



Рисунок Алисии Порет, одной из жен Хармса

Friday, January 4, 2013

Sergey Yesenin (1895-1925)

     


      Sergey Yesenin is, perhaps, the most misunderstood of the Russian classics. School chrestomathies include his early nature poems. He is remembered by his late poems, as a bard of drunken vigils and disorderly conduct. But his main contribution to the Russian poetry are neither his early "peasant" poems, nor his late poems possibly reflecting his alcoholic decline, but his cosmic-religious poems (Октоих, Octoechos (Eight-voices, the form of Byzantine liturgy), Преображение,  Transfiguration, Пришествие, Annunciation, etc.) written in the first post-Revolutionary years and most--in 1917. This fact was aptly noticed by Dmitry Bykov, a salon literary wit, unusually sensitive to literary criticism and amazingly ignorant of everything else.
       During his lifetime, Yesenin was famous for everything--his peasant origins, his bisexual beauty, drunken orgies and serial marriages to high-strung women (Zinaida Reich, future wife of theater innovator Vsevolod Meyerhold, granddaughter of Leo Tolstoy and Isadora Duncan, the American pioneer of modern dance). He was admired by everyone--fellow poets, World War I profiteers and their whores, post-revolutionary bandits, prostitutes and American Jewish heiresses--which in the end did him in. Yesenin hanged himself in St. Petersburg hotel, his grave becoming somewhat of a shrine where lovelorn women committed ritual suicides. But, by his late life, he was becoming a serious literary theoretician and, who knows, how his talent would evolve were it not for his alcoholism and stifling atmosphere of Stalinist Russia.

Below I provide an excerpt (last four quatrains) from Octoechos. The epigraph is from the Old Slavonic
rendering of the Byzantine Octoechos. The language of the poem is deliberately archaic as to estrange it and make it solemn-sounding, which I cannot fully convey in English.

Octoechos

Epigraph: "By my cries,
Will eat ye out, O Lord."

......
.....

"Ye rise, foresee and listen!
Unfathomed are the fates
Yet all who breathe and quicken--
Shalt meet thy time and date.

Lord's trumpets then'll sound
With fire and brimstone
And yellow-toothed He-cloud
Shall gnaw through Milky's Nav.

Its bowels spill on down
To singe the earthen tracts...
But those who praised the Virgin
Will enter Star of Ark."




Октоих

Гласом моим
                  Пожру тя, господи.
                                           Ц. О.


                  1

О родина, счастливый
И неисходный час!
Нет лучше, нет красивей
Твоих коровьих глаз.

Тебе, твоим туманам
И овцам на полях,
Несу, как сноп овсяный,
Я солнце на руках.

Святись преполовеньем
И рождеством святись,
Чтоб жаждущие бдения
Извечьем напились.

Плечьми трясем мы небо,
Руками зыбим мрак
И в тощий колос хлеба
Вдыхаем звездный злак.

О Русь, о степь и ветры,
И ты, мой отчий дом!
На золотой повети
Гнездится вешний гром.

Овсом мы кормим бурю,
Молитвой поим дол,
И пашню голубую
Нам пашет разум-вол.

И не единый камень,
Через пращу и лук,
Не подобьет над нами
Подъятье божьих рук.

                  2

"О дево
Мария! -
Поют небеса. -
На нивы златые
Пролей волоса.

Омой наши лица
Рукою земли.
С за-гор вереницей
Плывут корабли.

В них души усопших
И память веков.
О, горе, кто ропщет,
Не снявши оков!

Кричащему в мраке
И бьющему лбом
Под тайные знаки
Мы врат не сомкнем.

Но сгибни, кто вышел
И узрел лишь миг!
Мы облачной крышей
Придавим слепых".

                  3

О боже, боже,
Ты ль
Качаешь землю в снах?
Созвездий светит пыль
На наших волосах.

Шумит небесный кедр
Через туман и ров,
И на долину бед
Спадают шишки слов.

Поют они о днях
Иных земель и вод,
Где на тугих ветвях
Кусал их лунный рот.

И шепчут про кусты
Непроходимых рощ,
Где пляшет, сняв порты,
Златоколенный дождь.

                  4

Осанна в вышних!
Холмы поют про рай.
И в том раю я вижу
Тебя, мой отчий край.

Под Маврикийским дубом
Сидит мой рыжий дед,
И светит его шуба
Горохом частых звезд.

И та кошачья шапка,
Что в праздник он носил,
Глядит, как месяц, зябко
На снег родных могил.

С холмов кричу я деду:
"О отче, отзовись..."
Но тихо дремлют кедры,
Обвесив сучья вниз.

Не долетает голос
В его далекий брег...
Но чу! Звенит, как колос,
С земли растущий снег:

"Восстань, прозри и вижди!
Неосказуем рок.
Кто все живит и зиждет -
Тот знает час и срок.

Вострубят божьи клики
Огнем и бурей труб,
И облак желтоклыкий
Прокусит млечный пуп.

И вывалится чрево
Испепелить бразды...
Но тот, кто мыслил девой,
Взойдет в корабль звезды".


Yet, Yesenin is typified in public consciousness by a quite different style of poetry. Here's the excerpt, and  from a pretty tame poem "The rudest people are lucky..." from his imagist period. 

…На улице мальчик сопливый.
Воздух прожарен и сух,
Мальчик такой счастливый
И ковыряет в носу.

 Ковыряй, ковыряй, мой милый
Суй туда пальчик весь,
Только вот с эфтой силой
В душу ко мне не лезь.

Я уж готов... я робкий…
Глянь на бутылок рать!
Я собираю пробки—
Душу свою затыкать.

 

…There is a street urchin sneezing
The air is bone dry and hot,
The boy’s such a happy lizard
And he is picking his nose.

Pick it harder and deeper,
Put there your finger whole,
Only with such great candor
Do not pick off my soul.

 I am such guy… a shy one…
Look at the bottles’ hordes,
To plug my forsaken soul,
I am collecting corks.